Securing Grid-Connected Packed E-Cell Multilevel Inverter: A LSTM-AE Approach to Hybrid Attack Mitigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The deployment of open communication infrastructure into power systems has drawn much attention due to its significant benefits, such as real-time monitoring, diagnostics, and regulatory purposes. But utilizing such technologies poses security challenges to the cyber-physical power systems (CPPS), which can highly degrade their operation. In this paper, a defense mechanism is adopted to tackle the hybrid attacks, including the Denial-of-Service (DoS) and false data injection (FDI) attacks in the grid-connected multilevel inverters from a systematic point of view. The proposed protection mechanism for the grid-connected multilevel inverter is realized in two stages. (i) A Long-Short Term Memory based on autoencoder (LSTM-AE) is developed to detect DoS attacks, and an event-trigger mechanism based on Lyapunov theory is implemented to eliminate the effect of false data. (ii) A sliding mode observer is adopted to recognize FDI threats, where the false data is eliminated by injecting the negative value of the identified false data. A prototype of a grid-connected nine-level Packed E-Cell (PEC9) topology as a targeted multilevel inverter is constructed to experimentally validate the feasibility of the proposed cyber resilience scheme for CPPS in microgrid applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".