Spatial and Temporal Variability of Upwelling and Downwelling Along the British Columbia Coast During 1993–2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variability in the phenology and magnitude of upwelling and downwelling in the Northern California Current System based on high‐resolution wind data and a realistic 29‐year hindcast simulation of a regional ocean model. In coastal sectors of approximately 1 degree of latitude, vertical volume transport at a mixed layer depth (MLD) is shown to be highly correlated with local wind forcing, which includes both the divergence of Ekman transport at the coastal boundary and offshore Ekman suction/pumping. The strongest upwelling occurred off the west coast of central Vancouver Island, while the weakest upwelling was observed off the west coast of northern Haida Gwaii. In Queen Charlotte Sound and Hecate Strait, wind stress generated a persistent spatial pattern of alternating strong local upward and downward water movement. Downwelling magnitudes and upwelling onset times were correlated with the winter North Pacific Index (NPI) at several sectors, whereas weaker upwelling and stronger downwelling at northern sectors were associated with the positive phase of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). The variability in the duration of both seasons was variability of the spring transition. Significant temporal trends were found in the upwelling magnitudes in the southern half of the BC coast. In recent years, the onset of upwelling has occurred earlier, the duration of the summer upwelling season has shown an increasing trend, and downwelling duration has been decreasing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".