Role of Vascular Ultrasound in Monitoring Arteriovenous Fistula Changes in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis with Buttonhole Cannulation: Two Case Reports
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Buttonhole (BH) cannulation with a blunt needle offers the patient an alternative to the dreaded sharp needle stick. We used ultrasound imaging to track the morphological changes in the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) caused by the BH cannulation in two patients. During the initial stage of the BH cannulation, a protrusion (intimal hyperplasia) was observed in the vessel at the punctured area. With continued BH cannulation, the protrusion vanished naturally. The more parallel the needle puncture angle was to the vessel, the less it caused vessel dilatation; the antegrade puncture might have less vessel dilatation than the retrograde puncture. Ultrasound-based visualization of these dynamic changes facilitates the refinement of the BH cannulation. The ultrasonic tracking of the AVF morphological changes caused by the BH needling merits further investigation and clinical implementation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".