Appendix

Oral histories define this study. I encountered the migrants who would become such central actors in my research on my first trip to Russia in 1992—I just missed visiting the Soviet Union. Instead of being surrounded by the dour bureaucrats and stern babushkas, crafty hockey players and talented ballerinas—ethnic Russians, all—who occupied my imagination growing up in Cold War Canada, I found St. Petersburg and Moscow replete with Central Asian and Caucasus peoples of all ages, as well as Africans, East Asians, and others. They were selling, shopping, talking, and strolling, making the city their own. I originally considered studying Leningrad / St. Petersburg and Moscow as postcolonial, multiethnic cities, motivated by finding comparisons to my Trinidadian father’s stories of 1950s London. How much difference, I wondered, would the Soviet context make to late twentieth-century cities that hosted their former empires, and the world? In published sources, I sought largely in vain for accounts of the multiethnic everyday in Leningrad and Moscow, the colors and flavors of human struggles, accomplishments (beyond state-sponsored awards), and relationships (outside of formulaic declarations of the friendship of peoples). To find out how peoples from Asian regions of the USSR, my long-standing research interest, experienced the two capitals, I would have to talk to them. I had always been intrigued by the possibilities of exposing new historical actors through oral histories. I had often wondered what I would ask the nineteenth-century residents of Tashkent, the subject of my first book, if I had a chance.1Close With oral histories, I could locate subjects of all backgrounds and professions; control lines of inquiry; follow up on initial responses to gain layers of detail unavailable in written sources; determine how state policies were understood and engaged with on the ground; and, carefully, consider emotions and intimate family life.2Close I could probe everyday relationships and investigate the roots of the energy that I encountered on St. Petersburg’s and Moscow’s streets in 1992. Sadly, I would also seek the foundations of Russian racism that took off at the turn of the 2000s. I was, finally, curious to see how potential subjects would understand the place of the USSR in their lives, more than a decade after its collapse. Abdullaev, Erkin 26 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1989 Trader Agaev, Shadulla 16 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1984 Trader Aitmatova, Aijamal 20 Jul 2009 Tash-Komur, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1986–1989 Trader Akhmedov, Shuhrat 27 May 2007 Ferghana, Uzbekistan Leningrad, Moscow 1979–1985 Student Albiev, Asylbek 8 Jul 2009 Andijon, Uzbekistan Moscow 1976 Soldier Alieva, Gulnara 5 May 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1977–1987 Student Asadov, Elnur 5 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1984 Trader Asgarov, Rasul 12 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1983 Trader Asgarova, Sevda 14 Jul 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1951–1954 Student, party worker Asinadze, Maia 29 Nov 2007 Mtskheta, Georgia Moscow 1982– Student, pharmacist Ataniyazova, Dina 6 Dec 2008 North Caucasus Moscow 1970– Student, professor Baisalbekova, Aisulu 26 Aug 2009 Toktogul, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad, Moscow 1972–1988 Trader Bakchiev, Erkin 9 Aug 2009 Kara-Suu, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad, Moscow 1987–Trader Balanchivadze, Irma 23 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1973, 1980– Food depot, market Bayramov, Ashraf 25 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Leningrad 1987–Cook Begirov, Hazi 25 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Leningrad, Moscow 1981–Trader Bobokulov, Akmal 13 Nov 2007 Andijon, Uzbekistan Leningrad 1972–Naval officer Botoev, Aibek 8 Dec 2007 Sokuluk, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad Moscow 1973–1975 1978– Student Engineer Eldarov, Sadig 15 Jul 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1976– Student, psychiatry Esoev, Jumaboi 17 Nov 2007 Khorog, Tajikistan Leningrad 1983–Factory worker, student Gazyumov, Emin 19 Mar 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1983–1987 Student Gigulashvili, Vazha 23 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1974–Factory worker, trader Gugushvili, Eteri 26 Jul 2011 Tbilisi, Georgia Moscow 1987–1991 Student Hajiev, Farshad 11 Nov 2007 Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan Leningrad 1980–Student, conscript, nuclear engineer Haydarov, Jasur 23 Jul 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1981–1984 Trader Husynov, Azay 28 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Leningrad 1982–1987 Trader Iashvili, Zurab 23 Jan 2007 Tbilisi, Georgia Moscow 1972–1977 Student Ikramov, Shuhrat 18 Sep 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Moscow 1985–1989 Student Imamaliev, Murad 8 Feb 2007 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1971–1976 Student Iskakova, Saule 10 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1973–1976 Student Jafarov, Kemal 25 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Leningrad 1988–Trader Jusubov, Eljan 5 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1988–Trader Kalilova, Meerim 17 Jul 2009 Tash-Komur, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1983–Trader Kazbekov, Shuhrat 13 Nov 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Leningrad 1983–Figure skater, stuntman Khalimov, Abdul 30 Nov 2007 Kishlaki, Tajikistan Moscow 1984–Medical student, doctor Khamagova, Aryuna 12 Feb 2007 Ulan-Ude, Russia Leningrad 1972–1982 Food depot worker, Student Koberidze, Alex 2 Apr 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad 1980–1990 Plumber Kochladze, Dea 26 Nov 2007 Poti, Georgia Moscow 1975–Student, neurologist Kudubaev, Tolkunbek 15 Nov 2008 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1987–1989 Construction Kvernadze, Nino 23 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1978–1987 Homemaker Mammadov, Togrul 6 Jun 2009 Hajigabul Raion, Azerbaijan Moscow 1980–Trader Musabekov, Mirlan 10 Aug 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1986–Trader Nabiev, Said 28 Nov 2007 Khorog, Tajikistan Moscow 1960–1965, 1989– Cinematographer student Nasirova, Elmira 11 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad 1963–1965, 1979–1980 Student Nizomov, Bakyt 27 May 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Leningrad, Moscow 1979–1985 Student Nogoibaeva, Damira 6 Aug 2008 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1977–1987 Student, professor Nosirova, Oidin 28 May 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Moscow 1979–1981 Student Nuriaeva, Jyldyz 9 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1978–1984 Student Nurtaeva, Aliya 25 Oct 2006 Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan Moscow 1969–1978 Student Ojagov, Fuad 25 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1974–Student, psychologist Ormonbekov, Azamat 16 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1982–1983 Student Oruzbaev, Bolot 8 Jul 2009 Kara-Suu, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1984–Student, engineer Otskheli, Tamriko 27 Jul 2011 Tbilisi, Georgia Moscow 1980–1989 Shopkeeper Papashvili, Terenti 25 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Leningrad 1985–1990 Construction worker Rukhadze, Levan 25 Nov 2007 Yerevan, Armenia Leningrad 1969–Engineer Sanatbaev, Azamat 14 Jul 2009 Mady, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1976–Student, tour guide Satilganov, Aizada 12 Jul 2007 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Moscow 1982–1988 Student Satilganov, Nurlanbek 12 Jul 2007 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Moscow 1982–1988 Student Serkebaev, Mirbek 3 Aug 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad, Moscow 1983–Trader Shakiev, Bakyt 8 Aug 2009 Jambyl Raion, Kazakhstan Leningrad 1976 Dairy farm Shirinov, Aryan 12 Nov 2007 Pamirs, Tajikistan Leningrad 1985 Student, martial arts Somkishvili, David 24 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1984–1989 Architecture student Svanidze, Eliso 24 Jul 2011 Ochamchire, Georgia Leningrad 1975–1985 Store worker Temirkulov, Narynbek 11 Jul 2007 Osh Raion, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1964–1969 Student Tsereteli, Fridon 12 Oct 2007 Poti, Georgia Moscow 1989–Student, administrator Tursunbaev, Marat 15 May 2007 Samarkand, Uzbekistan Leningrad 1975–1990 Student, laboratory worker Usmanova, Dylara 3 Dec 2008 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Moscow 1959–1975 Graduate student, cared for family Utiashvili, Lali 29 Nov 2007 Poti, Georgia Moscow 1979 Agronomist Voskanyan, Rafael 25 Nov 2007 Yerevan, Armenia Leningrad 1982–1986 Administrator Zakirov, Anarbek 9 Aug 2009 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1978–Student, militia Abdullaev, Erkin 26 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1989 Trader Agaev, Shadulla 16 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1984 Trader Aitmatova, Aijamal 20 Jul 2009 Tash-Komur, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1986–1989 Trader Akhmedov, Shuhrat 27 May 2007 Ferghana, Uzbekistan Leningrad, Moscow 1979–1985 Student Albiev, Asylbek 8 Jul 2009 Andijon, Uzbekistan Moscow 1976 Soldier Alieva, Gulnara 5 May 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1977–1987 Student Asadov, Elnur 5 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1984 Trader Asgarov, Rasul 12 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1982–1983 Trader Asgarova, Sevda 14 Jul 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1951–1954 Student, party worker Asinadze, Maia 29 Nov 2007 Mtskheta, Georgia Moscow 1982– Student, pharmacist Ataniyazova, Dina 6 Dec 2008 North Caucasus Moscow 1970– Student, professor Baisalbekova, Aisulu 26 Aug 2009 Toktogul, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad, Moscow 1972–1988 Trader Bakchiev, Erkin 9 Aug 2009 Kara-Suu, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad, Moscow 1987–Trader Balanchivadze, Irma 23 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1973, 1980– Food depot, market Bayramov, Ashraf 25 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Leningrad 1987–Cook Begirov, Hazi 25 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Leningrad, Moscow 1981–Trader Bobokulov, Akmal 13 Nov 2007 Andijon, Uzbekistan Leningrad 1972–Naval officer Botoev, Aibek 8 Dec 2007 Sokuluk, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad Moscow 1973–1975 1978– Student Engineer Eldarov, Sadig 15 Jul 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1976– Student, psychiatry Esoev, Jumaboi 17 Nov 2007 Khorog, Tajikistan Leningrad 1983–Factory worker, student Gazyumov, Emin 19 Mar 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1983–1987 Student Gigulashvili, Vazha 23 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1974–Factory worker, trader Gugushvili, Eteri 26 Jul 2011 Tbilisi, Georgia Moscow 1987–1991 Student Hajiev, Farshad 11 Nov 2007 Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan Leningrad 1980–Student, conscript, nuclear engineer Haydarov, Jasur 23 Jul 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1981–1984 Trader Husynov, Azay 28 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Leningrad 1982–1987 Trader Iashvili, Zurab 23 Jan 2007 Tbilisi, Georgia Moscow 1972–1977 Student Ikramov, Shuhrat 18 Sep 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Moscow 1985–1989 Student Imamaliev, Murad 8 Feb 2007 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1971–1976 Student Iskakova, Saule 10 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1973–1976 Student Jafarov, Kemal 25 Jun 2009 Lenkoran, Azerbaijan Leningrad 1988–Trader Jusubov, Eljan 5 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1988–Trader Kalilova, Meerim 17 Jul 2009 Tash-Komur, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1983–Trader Kazbekov, Shuhrat 13 Nov 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Leningrad 1983–Figure skater, stuntman Khalimov, Abdul 30 Nov 2007 Kishlaki, Tajikistan Moscow 1984–Medical student, doctor Khamagova, Aryuna 12 Feb 2007 Ulan-Ude, Russia Leningrad 1972–1982 Food depot worker, Student Koberidze, Alex 2 Apr 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad 1980–1990 Plumber Kochladze, Dea 26 Nov 2007 Poti, Georgia Moscow 1975–Student, neurologist Kudubaev, Tolkunbek 15 Nov 2008 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1987–1989 Construction Kvernadze, Nino 23 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1978–1987 Homemaker Mammadov, Togrul 6 Jun 2009 Hajigabul Raion, Azerbaijan Moscow 1980–Trader Musabekov, Mirlan 10 Aug 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1986–Trader Nabiev, Said 28 Nov 2007 Khorog, Tajikistan Moscow 1960–1965, 1989– Cinematographer student Nasirova, Elmira 11 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad 1963–1965, 1979–1980 Student Nizomov, Bakyt 27 May 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Leningrad, Moscow 1979–1985 Student Nogoibaeva, Damira 6 Aug 2008 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1977–1987 Student, professor Nosirova, Oidin 28 May 2007 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Moscow 1979–1981 Student Nuriaeva, Jyldyz 9 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1978–1984 Student Nurtaeva, Aliya 25 Oct 2006 Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan Moscow 1969–1978 Student Ojagov, Fuad 25 Jun 2009 Baku, Azerbaijan Moscow 1974–Student, psychologist Ormonbekov, Azamat 16 Jul 2007 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1982–1983 Student Oruzbaev, Bolot 8 Jul 2009 Kara-Suu, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1984–Student, engineer Otskheli, Tamriko 27 Jul 2011 Tbilisi, Georgia Moscow 1980–1989 Shopkeeper Papashvili, Terenti 25 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Leningrad 1985–1990 Construction worker Rukhadze, Levan 25 Nov 2007 Yerevan, Armenia Leningrad 1969–Engineer Sanatbaev, Azamat 14 Jul 2009 Mady, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1976–Student, tour guide Satilganov, Aizada 12 Jul 2007 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Moscow 1982–1988 Student Satilganov, Nurlanbek 12 Jul 2007 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Moscow 1982–1988 Student Serkebaev, Mirbek 3 Aug 2009 Osh, Kyrgyzstan Leningrad, Moscow 1983–Trader Shakiev, Bakyt 8 Aug 2009 Jambyl Raion, Kazakhstan Leningrad 1976 Dairy farm Shirinov, Aryan 12 Nov 2007 Pamirs, Tajikistan Leningrad 1985 Student, martial arts Somkishvili, David 24 Jul 2011 Kutaisi, Georgia Moscow 1984–1989 Architecture student Svanidze, Eliso 24 Jul 2011 Ochamchire, Georgia Leningrad 1975–1985 Store worker Temirkulov, Narynbek 11 Jul 2007 Osh Raion, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1964–1969 Student Tsereteli, Fridon 12 Oct 2007 Poti, Georgia Moscow 1989–Student, administrator Tursunbaev, Marat 15 May 2007 Samarkand, Uzbekistan Leningrad 1975–1990 Student, laboratory worker Usmanova, Dylara 3 Dec 2008 Tashkent, Uzbekistan Moscow 1959–1975 Graduate student, cared for family Utiashvili, Lali 29 Nov 2007 Poti, Georgia Moscow 1979 Agronomist Voskanyan, Rafael 25 Nov 2007 Yerevan, Armenia Leningrad 1982–1986 Administrator Zakirov, Anarbek 9 Aug 2009 Frunze, Kyrgyzstan Moscow 1978–Student, militia Initial interviews with migrants from the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Asian Russia to Leningrad and Moscow fulfilled my expectations and altered my focus. Life stories emerged as far more engaging and important than stories of place; or, perhaps, I grew to understand that lives made places. I realized the broader importance to these individuals, and to the state, of movement, at once geographical and societal; of networks; and of connections between home and away. I grew fascinated as I was told what made a Kyrgyz or an Azerbaijani in a small village decide to leave family and friends and pursue opportunities or profits thousands of kilometers away in the 1960s, 1970s, or 1980s. I listened intently to vivid recollections of first experiences and encounters in Leningrad and Moscow and poignant stories of belonging, or not belonging. I expressed surprise—sometimes openly, during an interview—when two or more subjects, of similar ethnic and social background, faced parallel situations and reacted, or at least recalled their reactions, in dramatically different ways. What makes one brush off an incident of discrimination as a mere distraction to dreams of success, easily forgotten, and another dwell on a quite comparable one to the point of deciding to return home then and to remain haunted by it now? I tried also to make sense of contradictions within interviews, as narrators actively reconstructed their own complicated lives through the lens of their present. Oral histories animated the Soviet Union for me—through my own interviews, as well as through discussions of interviews conducted by Canadian, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Azerbaijani, and Georgian research assistants and colleagues, all of whom brought their own understandings of the former state and found them transformed. I ended up compiling seventy-five interviews for this project, of which we used seventy.3Close I began in 2005 with a semi-structured set of open-ended questions that roughly traced migrants’ journeys: from their motivations to move to their initial impressions of Leningrad and Moscow, from their study or work life to their everyday encounters with the host society and state. I next asked them explicitly to reflect on their experiences then in the light of their lives now. Personal connections and the Central Eurasian Studies Society Listserv put me in touch with academics or professionals in my target group. Most had attended universities or arrived as part of intellectual or white-collar recruitment or exchange programs to Leningrad or Moscow during the 1970s and 1980s. I conducted interviews in North America, at conferences or by phone. A Carleton University graduate student working on Afghan refugees in St. Petersburg talked to some Tajiks while there, helping me to refine questions for subjects who remained in the former Soviet Union. We both learned lessons: open-ended questions, such as requests to discuss relationships with the host population, could produce the one-word response of “fine” (normal′no)—with informants not taking kindly to our efforts at clarification. Subjects did not like us using the term “racism” (rasizm), considering it a Western phenomenon. As a result, open-ended questions were accompanied by prods for specific experiences and “discrimination based on national background” replaced “racism.” We discovered also that some informants loved to talk much more than others. Some began by offering their “Soviet biography,” which could run several minutes; others felt questions on everyday life were excessively personal and never became comfortable discussing their own lives with a stranger. Managing, or coaxing, subjects became an art. Interviews, especially with open-ended, semi-structured questions, emerged, I learned, as relationships.4Close Before or during an oral history, interviewer and interviewee form, if the process is anywhere near successful, some kind of bond. I worked to ensure this bond was positive. I focused on questions within the survey that engaged my subjects and pursued follow-ups when they wanted to talk (and asked my research assistants to do the same). I was fascinated by how interviewees thoughtfully, sometimes emotionally, rehearsed their own lives in their present. I, and my other interviewers, became implicated in this process. We were foils, perhaps—subjects had specific stories that they might want to tell a young, female Kyrgyz graduate student, for example, as opposed to a mid-career male Canadian professor. Narrative strategies, even if choppy and self-contradictory, emerged when reading transcripts. Soviet and post-Soviet memories and lives acted in concert. St. Petersburg and Moscow were the next stage for locating oral history subjects. I worked in 2007–2008 with another Canadian research assistant to locate contact information for the ubiquitous diaspora organizations that sprouted in the two cities in the 2000s. We received help from Kyrgyz, Uzbek, and of the subjects were and comfortable some grew after to of a process that would one to two We discovered that these organizations up their that Kyrgyz, or Tajiks who had well for in the post-Soviet and stories up to that in our interviews with migrants who had remained in the two and stories that might the We had to a for that might the subject was in in the I realized that the decade from to when of began in the late to for as one recalled for its and young, female Canadian research assistant also the subjects took in discussing their with Russian As I found other interviews through the I that our of and or the on and Moscow’s streets was on at the never I found by on a 2007 trip to Kyrgyzstan a subject who had been a worker in remained to Petersburg and Moscow diaspora organizations did not to I discovered that this was not if at they wanted to off their St. Petersburg and Moscow academics studying Central and Caucasus much to their own could find one to me to who was in the two the late thousands on thousands of in the two post-Soviet cities were of a next finding these in their in Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan me to from small in the had in Leningrad and and conducted of this set of interviews for me in as subjects to Azerbaijani or Kyrgyz than A similar two and others who had worked in through a in Kutaisi, in 2011 to their interviews, conducted by in Kyrgyzstan or had their own Subjects quite in of offering context for the what life was like in the USSR and how they felt their and from growing up I was to for the Soviet Union in our interviews, as the had I found similar to discovered by and for a of that had been one human more important and to friends and family were subjects in multiethnic in similar as had their lives in also to the of the to the that the post-Soviet in this had of the and society that our subjects considered to their sense of as well as of and I was and grew fascinated my that the USSR was a work and they would in if not always In this a to what they as a post-Soviet by and by and I what their was a different of for when subjects found through or the to make their own USSR for them was a for their as opposed to the post-Soviet by and, for or efforts to and the late in Russian as the the when life was late who felt their to and life had been by initial post-Soviet efforts to and the oral histories did the as a more when the for a in had been and Leningrad and Moscow grew to subjects, a after the their experiences within Soviet such as friendship of their on national to to the Soviet and the of post-Soviet Russia to its own to a new sense of and bond to a new A of our Caucasus in of were a more post-Soviet these more discussions from their own this the of a place in a that in its the of Soviet in making the state and society their Oral history work us to consider the and and from the and how their own lives and of these oral histories as I began to as I it or as a with a an and How could I, or I, these stories and them of much How to for and on the one and for and what might to on the How to with when a subject who to have always been it could not in the Soviet an that or was a of not to oral Oral histories, like written not is always a in between and and a of that to which I tried to in the of the In the as we have to I sought to the I had to make these Soviet actors in their own To I to from other sources, or published or or from the interviews As I my other research through the I began to the and importance of in the late Soviet Union. by and migrants of the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Asian Russia or in a state, which not always a for personal and in the was in by Oral histories in a of interviewer and interviewee and the of a of that never might a Canadian or a late Azerbaijani and might have or own based on interviews that had or that we subject might to do the in or or and it as a or a would always ask if the could or by or might in a or might by the of the or a or life or might or have of to reflect on and that on all these interviews I did had a different in quite different from the first conducted by or a research at the of the as well as the importance of oral histories. I a to who to in this who their experiences and other would have the of life and I makes us the of the late Soviet Union. I in some was these interviews also opportunities for my subjects to see their own importance not as historical actors in the social that was the USSR also as individuals, as and and friends and of both the Soviet and post-Soviet Russian Society in In a it out that informants had in Petersburg after or that their experiences were with other cities in the We would such interviews to did not them in the for the and of Oral

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