Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground coupled GPRs typically operate in contact with, or close to the ground surface. The goal of this study was to understand the effect of height on GPR response for the near surface regime and to determine an optimal height. The height range investigated was from 0 to 0.08 of the GPR's center frequency wavelength in free space ($\lambda_{c}$). There are many applications, such as vegetated or rough terrain, where acquiring GPR data would be easier with the GPR higher off the surface. Using three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) modeling of a shielded 250 MHz GPR on a homogeneous media with a perfectly conducting layer at depth, we investigated the response dependence on height, for cases with and without air wave interference. The height dependence for data collected over a subsurface utility with a commercial 250 MHz GPR are also analyzed and compared to the model data. These results provide an understanding of the tradeoffs in choosing an optimal height for GPR data acquisition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".