Effects of Baduanjin exercise on cardiac rehabilitation after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objectives To systematically evaluate the effects of Baduanjin exercise on cardiac rehabilitation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods From the time the database was constructed to May 28, 2025, Eight databases and two registry systems, including Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature database (CBM), Clinical Trials, and the China Clinical Trials Registry were searched—clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Baduanjin in treating patients after PCI were retrieved. The primary outcomes were the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Secondary outcomes were Major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Anaerobic threshold (AT), Metabolic equivalent of task (METs), and Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment tool, version 2.0 (RoB 2). Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed using Stata software. In addition, Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test. Results A total of 56 RCTs involving 5152 patients were included in the study. Compared with the control group, the Baduanjin group showed superior improvement in LVEF (MD = 5.55%, 95% CI [4.28%, 6.82%], P < 0.01, I2 = 94%), 6MWT (MD = 57.68m, 95% CI [40.20m, 75.17m], P < 0.01, I2 = 100%), MACE (RR = 0.33, 95% CI [0.26, 0.42], P < 0.01, I2 = 0%), SAQ-PL (MD = 7.49 points, 95% CI [4.78 points, 10.20 points], P < 0.01, I2 = 91%), SAQ-AS (MD = 12.88 points, 95% CI [10.76 points, 15.00 points], P < 0.01, I2 = 77%), SAQ-DS (MD = 11.30 points, 95% CI [5.14 points, 17.45 points], P < 0.01, I2 = 98%), SAQ-AF (MD = 10.90 points, 95% CI [6.05 points, 15.75 points], P < 0.01, I2 = 98%), SAQ-TS (MD = 8.04 points, 95% CI [2.30 points, 13.78 points], P < 0.01, I2 = 98%), SAS (MD = − 7.01 points, 95% CI [− 8.05 points, − 5.96 points], P < 0.01, I2 = 58%), SDS (MD = − 6.67 points, 95% CI [− 8.34 points, − 5.00 points], P < 0.01, I2 = 89%), VO2peak (MD = 1.81 mL/kg/min, 95% CI [0.82 mL/kg/min, 2.80 mL/kg/min], P < 0.01, I2 = 96%), AT (MD = 1.18 mL/kg/min, 95% CI [0.66 mL/kg/min, 1.69 mL/kg/min], P < 0.01, I2 = 96%), and METs (MD = 0.61 METs, 95% CI [0.32 METs, 0.90 METs], P < 0.01, I2 = 83%) when compared to control groups. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) were more suitable as a target population. Improvement in LVEF was better with intervention duration of 1–3 months, whereas improvement in 6MWT was better with intervention longer than 3 months, and it is not recommended to combine Baduanjin with aerobic exercise. Conclusions Baduanjin can improve cardiopulmonary function, alleviate clinical symptoms, improve quality of life, adjust mental state, and reduce the incidence of MACE in patients after PCI. Systematic review registration CRD42024626379.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.035 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.011 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".