FIRST RECORD OF TETRAMORIUM BICARINATUM (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN PENNSYLVANIA
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nearctic records of a twelfth species-Tetramorium guineense (Fabricius), a species known only from Africa-are now known to be misidentifications of T. bicarinatum (Wetterer 2009).Of these 11 species, only two are native to the region (T.hispidum and T. spinosum), both from the southwest.Four species have been reported from the northeast: T. atratulum, T. bicarinatum, T. immigrans, and T. tsushimae.Of these, only T. immigrans and its inquiline parasite (T.atratulum) have been reported from Pennsylvania, despite all four species having been reported from surrounding states.The present study involves T. bicarinatum (Fig. 1).Tetramorium bicarinatum is native to Southeast Asia but has spread throughout most of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Wetterer 2009;Gunard et al. 2017).As one of the most widespread tramp ants-"tramp" here refers to organisms spread globally by human activity and closely associated with human-disturbed environmentsthey are largely absent only from continental sub-Saharan Africa (Wetterer 2009; Ant Maps 2024).Tetramorium bicarinatum have historically been called Guinea ants, and this is still the common name approved for use by the Entomological Society of America (ESA 2024; the Entomological Society of Canada does not list a common name for T. bicarinatum).However, this name creates the erroneous impression that the species is native to Africa, an idea that was once common and sometimes still perpetuated (e.g., TAMU 2024) despite being corrected decades ago (e.g., Bolton 1977; Wetter 2009).The name has also caused T. bicarinatum to be confused with T. guineense (Bernard, 1953), a species restricted to West Africa that is not a widespread tramp (Wetterer 2009).Because of these issues, a variety
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it