The proton inner energy, inner entropy, and inner pressure are the source of all baryonic matter expansion. It elucidates what we call gravitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In three preceding articles [Cahen, Phys. Essays 6, 473 (1993); 37, 207 (2024); 38, 8 (2025)] we posited that what we call gravitation is in fact the end result of the accelerated expansion of all baryonic matter and not the result of any phenomenon of attraction as postulated by Isaac Newton. In this present article, we lean on the latest advances in particle physics and the determination of the intense energy inside the proton. Proton inner pressure and the introduction of the notion of entanglement entropy at the femtometer scale are at play here. Both buttress our interpretation of baryonic expansion as the cause of what we call gravitation. Incidentally, one explains why the universal and absolute imbalance between matter and antimatter finds its origin inside the proton. We also address the constant and cohesive increase in the “space‐time manifold” around the planet, following the “Fibonacci-like” expansion of our planet. Thus, this cohesive expansion contradicts the “warping” of the Einsteinian space‐time manifold as the cause of gravitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".