Parental Self-efficacy and Spiritual Intelligence Impact Mothers\' Psychological Well-being, Mediated by Alexithymia, in Families of Children With Intellectual Disabilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The psychological well-being of mothers raising children with intellectual disabilities is a critical area of inquiry, particularly concerning the interplay between parental confidence and spiritual resources. This study aimed to explore the relationships between parental self-efficacy and spiritual intelligence and the psychological well-being of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities, while assessing the mediating role of alexithymia in these relationships. Methods: This study utilized a descriptive correlational research design. The target population comprised all mothers of children with intellectual disabilities residing in Tehran City, Iran, in 2024. A convenience sample of 269 mothers was recruited. Data were collected using the psychological well-being scale, parental self-agency measure, spiritual intelligence questionnaire, and Toronto Alexithymia scale. Structural equation modeling was employed to evaluate the proposed model. Results: Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between alexithymia and psychological well-being (r=−0.45) and a positive correlation between spiritual intelligence and psychological well-being (r=0.36). Significant negative correlations were found between spiritual intelligence and alexithymia (r=−0.47) and parental self-efficacy and alexithymia (r=−0.23). A significant positive relationship existed between parental self-efficacy and psychological well-being (r=0.18). Additionally, spiritual intelligence and parental self-efficacy significantly influenced psychological well-being through alexithymia mediation (P<0.001). The estimated structural equation model demonstrated an acceptable fit to the data (standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]: 0.08, normed fit index [NFI]: 0.79). Conclusion: This study identified alexithymia as a critical mediator between spiritual intelligence, parental self-efficacy, and psychological well-being, demonstrating significant direct and indirect relationships, independent of child gender. These findings emphasize the clinical relevance of targeting alexithymia and promoting spiritual intelligence and parental self-efficacy to improve psychological well-being in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".