Double densification effects of a new enhanced auxetic steel system on mitigating severe explosions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Auxetic steel systems have been demonstrated to be effective in resisting blast loading demands due to their higher energy absorption, enhanced indentation resistance and higher shear strength compared to conventional systems. However, previous studies reported that such systems still fall short in reducing the pressure values during severe explosions. Therefore, the use of auxetic steel systems to fortify vulnerable structures or armoured vehicles is yet to be explored. To address this gap, the current study develops and validates the blast performance of an enhanced auxetic steel system, namely enhanced re-entrant with straight and curved members (ERSAC), that can reduce the pressure values of severe explosions up to a scaled distance, Z , of 0.2 m/kg 1/3 . The design mechanism of the ERSAC system relies on maximizing the specific energy absorption by increasing the number of sequential locking points, thus creating several auxetic cell densification zones. In this respect, a numerical ANSYS/AUTODYN model is developed and then validated against conventional auxetic steel systems (i.e., re-entrant and arrowhead systems) that were subjected to different scaled distance explosions and quasi-static loading demands in previous experimental programs. The model is then employed to compare the performance of the ERSAC system to the re-entrant and arrowhead systems when subjected to out-of-plane quasi-static and blast loading demands, where all systems are designed to have similar total weights and dimensions. The comparison is presented in terms of the generated pressure, specific energy absorption and total deformations. To investigate the sensitivity of the ERSAC system to its design parameters and geometrical configurations, an interpretability analysis is performed to evaluate the influence of the width, length, cells’ thickness, and inclined angle on the generated pressure through 34 possible configurations. The results show that the ERSAC system reduces the pressure values by 40% and 38% compared to the re-entrant and arrowhead systems, respectively, at 0.1 m behind the systems. Overall, the average reduction in the pressure values is 18% for Z = 0.2 m/kg 1/3 , 25% for Z = 0.3 m/kg 1/3 and 15% for Z = 0.4 m/kg 1/3 . In addition, the ERSAC system results in higher specific energy absorption values by 37%, 41% and 70% for Z = 0.2 m/kg 1/3 , 0.3 m/kg 1/3 and 0.4 m/kg 1/3 compared to conventional auxetic systems, respectively. The results also show that increasing the width and length reduces the pressure values at near distances behind the ERSAC system. Furthermore, increasing the cell thickness is effective in reducing the pressure values for all distances. The current study provides future research opportunities on the locking mechanisms of auxetic steel systems and their effects on consuming more energy for enhanced blast protection levels.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".