Linguistic Landscapes in Toronto: Public Signs and Urban Multilingualism (2025)
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dataset comprises ten original photographs taken in Toronto, Canada, in 2025, documenting the city’s multilingual linguistic landscape. The images capture public signage, murals, posters, and urban artefacts that reflect linguistic and cultural diversity in everyday life. The collection offers insight into how languages shape urban identities and intercultural interactions in public spaces. All photographs were taken by the researcher and depict only publicly visible signs and symbols, with no identifiable individuals. The dataset supports research in sociolinguistics, linguistic landscape studies, visual ethnography, and decolonial approaches to language in the city. Keywords: linguistic landscape, Toronto, multilingualism, visual ethnography, language and space, public signage, urban multilingualism, sociolinguistics, language visibility, decolonial research, intercultural communication, visual data, qualitative research, applied linguistics, urban semiotics, Canada
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it