Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Insulin and Exercise: Cellular Effects and Implications for Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The sections in this article are: Properties of the Glucose Transporter Families The GLUT Family Acute Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Insulin‐Responsive Tissues The Glucose Transporter Recruitment Hypothesis Insulin‐Responsive Glucose Transporters Testing and Verification of the Recruitment Hypothesis Biochemical Characteristics of The Glut‐4‐Containing Organelle Resident Proteins Proteins Involved in Vesicle Docking and Fusion Low‐Molecular‐Weight G Proteins Insulin Signals Involved in The Mobilization of Glucose Transporters Testing the Participation of a Signaling Pathway Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Insulin on the Glucose Transporters Regulation of Glucose Transporters by Exercise Effects of Exercise In Vivo: Roles of Hypoxia, Blood Flow, and Muscle Fiber Composition Glucose Transporters in Exercised Muscles Signaling Mechanism of Contraction‐Induced Glucose Transport Glucose Transporters in Diabetes Glucose Transporters in Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Glucose Transporters in Obesity and Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Proposed Mechanisms Leading to Impaired GLUT‐4 Translocation in Diabetes GLUT‐4 Translocation Defect: Primary or Acquired? Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Glucose Transporters Lessons from the Manipulation of Glucose‐Transporter Expression by Transgenic Mouse Approaches and Natural Mutations GLUT‐1 Overexpression in Muscle GLUT‐4 Overexpression in Tissues of Natural Expression Selective Overexpression of GLUT‐4 in Muscle GLUT‐4 Overexpression in Fat GLUT‐4 Ablation A Naturally Occurring Genetic Abnormality in GLUT‐1 Expression Concluding Remarks
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".