An Investigation of the Sources of Fecal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
to investigate the source of fecal pollution responsible for beach postings at Petrie Island Beach near the City of Ottawa in 2007. Field observations and water samples were collected weekly at the Beach and at upstream Ottawa River locations from May 7 to October 15, 2007. Water samples were analyzed for E. coli, and detection of a DNA marker for anaerobic Bacteroides bacteria associated with human fecal pollution. Field observations found evidence of fecal contamination at Petrie Island Beach from both bird and human fecal sources. Bird droppings were numerous at some places, although their role in beach postings or human health risks remains uncertain. Observation of floatables on the beach at times, was indicative of the impacts of human fecal pollution. E. coli concentrations at Petrie Island Beach were higher in the sand than in the adjacent beach water, and they increased in the sand and beach water over the course of the bathing season. These results are consistent with other studies that have found sand serving as a reservoir for E. coli. The human Bacteroides DNA marker was detected in 26 % of the beach water samples from Petrie Island Beach in 2007. Both E. coli concentrations and the occurrence of the human Bacteroides DNA marker were
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".