Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dissertation examines the proliferation of weak or damaged male characters in the mid-nineteenth-century novel. A number of new literary types appeared on the scene in the novels of the 1850s, including the self-made man, the public schoolboy, and the muscular Christian. Because novelists sought to represent ideal types rather than idiosyncratic individuals, silent exemplars rather than effusive characters, authors needed a way of narrating the story of the hero without undermining his exemplarity. They did so by pairing the strong man with a weak friend who elicited emotions from the silent hero of these novels. The pairing of the strong man with the weak man led to a variety of narrative effects, including the juxtaposition of the ennui of the sickroom with active labour, and an emphasis on domesticity, sentimentality, and sympathy. The homoerotic friendships of the weak man and the strong man offered a queer perspective on the home and the increasingly industrialized workplace that sought to standardize men’s bodies. The novels of Charles Kingsley, Thomas Hughes’s Tom Brown’s Schooldays, Dinah Mulock Craik’s John Halifax, Gentleman, and Charlotte Yonge’s The Heir of Redclyffe all engage this narrative strategy. George
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.404 | 0.264 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".