5 The Growth of Agricultural Protection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Agricultural protectionism in industrialized countries is well known to heavily burden consumers and/or taxpayers. But it also reaches far beyond a country’s borders. It negatively affects actual or potential agricultural exporters. Among them are industrialized countries such as Canada, Australia, and New Zea-land, but also numerous developing countries, including some of the poorest. Since agriculture is the sector of comparative advantage for many developing countries, now and for some time in the future, agricultural protection does materially impair their potential for economic growth (ValdCs and Zietz 1980; Valdts 1987; Goldin and Knudsen 1990). Agricultural protection is not only important quantitatively, in the sense of imposing heavy costs on developing countries as well as on consumers and taxpayers in industrialized countries. Agricultural protection also has signifi-cant qualitative effects. Because agriculture is hardly under any of the disci-plines of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), it is the cause of continual trade friction among the major industrialized countries. It has
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".