Youth Voluntarism and Political Engagement in Canada A Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasing number of young Canadians who are abstaining from voting in federal elections 1 and who are rejecting political parties as the most effective vehicles for social change underscores the tenuous bonds between younger generations and the institutions of democratic governance. This youthful retreat from the public sphere is not restricted to the “formal ” arena of party and electoral politics. Between 1997 and 2000, four per cent fewer youths engaged in volunteer work in their communities (Hall, McKeown and Roberts, 2001). The graying of civic Canada has been a source of concern in government and academic circles, inspiring numerous studies aimed at identifying the underlying causes of trends that erode the vibrancy of democracy and community life. They have also raised perennial questions of interest to political philosophers, empirical researchers and policy analysts; what are the obligations attached to democratic citizenship, what level of public participation is sufficient to sustain democracy, and what role should civil society (interest groups, social movements and voluntary associations) play in promoting participation in democratic politics? This paper will situate the problem of youth disengagement from political activities
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".