DT 104 Antibiotic Resistance Genomic Island I in Serotype
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have identified Salmonella genomic island I (SGI1) in an isolate of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B. This antibiotic-resistance gene cluster, which confers multidrug resistance, has been previously identified in S. enterica serotype Typhimurium phage types DT 104 and DT 120 and in S. enterica serotype Agona. M ultidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT 104) has emerged during the last decade as a global health problem because of its association with animal and human disease (1). Multidrug-resistant strains of this phage type were first identified from exotic birds in the United Kingdom in the early 1980s and in cattle and humans in the late 1980s but have since become common in other animal species such as poultry, pigs, and sheep. The DT 104 epidemic has now spread worldwide, with several outbreaks since 1996 in the United States and Canada (2-5). Multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium DT 104 strains are commonly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol/florfenicol, spectinomycin/streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. The antibiotic-resistance genes are clustered in part of a 43-kb genomic island called Salmonella genomic island I (SGI1), between the thdf and int2 genes of the chromosome (6-10). The int2 gene is part of a retron that has been detected only in serotype Typhimurium (7,8). Downstream of the retron sequence is the yidY gene, which is also found in the chromosome of other S. enterica serotypes (7,8). The antibiotic-resistance gene cluster represents approximately one third of SGI1 and is located at the 3 ' end of the structure (7,8). All resistance genes are clustered and are bracketed by two integron structures (Figure 1). The first integron carries the aadA2 gene, which confers resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".