Leeds. United States Foreign Direct Investment into Canada:
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: In the tradition of Raymond Vernon’s work, this paper examines the effect of regional economic integration on the foreign direct investment (FDI) decision of US multinationals in Canada. We present improvements to the modelling of the labor and foreign exchange markets. In particular, we move beyond the traditional use of manufacturing wages and introduce labor cost and productivity variables for the host economy, and include a measure of instability in the exchange rate. Using these innovations we focus on the period 1961 to 1998. We find that a relatively parsimonious expansion of our improved specification allows us to capture the effect of the introduction of CUSFTA and NAFTA, suggesting a significant growth in US FDI into Canada. Given that one of the possible incentives for regional integration is to bolster a declining share of FDI, on the findings of this research, it appears that integration has conferred on Canada a means of re-establishing a measure of influence over US MNEs ’ global investment decisions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.121 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".