The Housing Situation of Low-Income Families in Milwaukee
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article uses survey findings to explain the housing situation of low-income fami-lies living in Milwaukee. The survey was conducted in late 1998 using a random sample of families that were on welfare in August 1997, the month before Wisconsin implemented its welfare replacement program, Wisconsin Works (W–2). The survey was conducted to examine the conversion process from welfare to W–2. In the analy-sis presented here, the survey’s seven housing questions were used as a lens through which to view family circumstances. The results show that roughly a quarter of the respondents had worst-case housing needs. Although respondents with worst-case housing needs were similar to other respon-dents in many respects, they were less likely to live with another adult, less likely to work, and more likely to rely on government assistance. Respondents receiving hous-ing assistance were more likely to receive government benefits and had lower total income and lower earnings from employment than those not receiving housing assis-tance, despite similar employment rates for the two groups. Respondents receiving
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".