The Effects of 9/11 on Canadian-U.S. Trade:
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study updates the authors ’ (2008) statistical examination of changes in the behavior of Canada-U.S. trade following the tightening of security at the Canada-U.S. border in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In addition to an updated sample, this study uses constant-dollar “real ” exports and imports rather than current-dollar values. The use of constant-dollar exports and imports identifies changes in quantities of goods crossing the border and controls for changes in the prices of those goods. The regional analysis in this study focuses on three sets of ports rather than the ten ports in the original. The three sets of ports are the Great Lakes Gateway (Detroit, Buffalo-Niagara Falls, and Port Huron), the Cascade Gateway (represented by the Blaine Peace Arch Crossing), and a grouping of all other ports that corresponds fairly closely to the Rural Gateway category from the “Toward a New Frontier ” Brookings study by Sands (2009). By using these groupings of ports, our statistical results are more directly applicable to the framework of the Sands paper. For total U.S. exports to Canada, there are significant declines in trade volumes
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".