Extremely Red Objects in Two Quasar Fields at z ∼1.41 Alan Stockton2 and Elizabeth McGrath
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present an investigation of the properties and environments of bright extremely red objects (EROs) found in the fields of the quasars TXS0145+386 and 4C 15.55, both at z ∼ 1.4. There is marginal evidence from Chandra ACIS imaging for hot cluster gas with a luminosity of a few 10 44 ergs s −1 in the field of 4C 15.55. The TXS 0145+386 field has an upper limit at a similar value, but it also clearly shows an overdensity of faint galaxies. None of the EROs are detected as X-ray sources. For two of the EROs that have spectral-energy distributions and rest-frame near-UV spectra that show that they are strongly dominated by old stellar populations, we determine radial-surfacebrightness profiles from adaptive-optics images. Both of these galaxies are best fit by profiles close to exponentials, plus a compact nucleus comprising ∼ 30 % of the total light in one case and 8 % in the other. Neither is well fit by an r 1/4-law profile. This apparent evidence for the formation of massive ∼ 2 ×10 11 disks of old stars in the early universe indicates that at least some galaxies formed essentially monolithically, with high star-formation rates sustained over a few 10 8 years, and without the aid of major mergers. 1 Based in part on data collected at the Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; on data obtained with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, which is operated for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; on data obtained at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, which is operated by the National Research Council of Canada, the Institut National des Sciences
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".