Bibliographic record
Abstract
This report deals with techniques for protecting the high voltage portion of the U.S. power grid against the effects of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) resulting from geomagnetic storms and the late time E3 portion of high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP), which is also known as MHD EMP. The basic concepts of operational modifications, blocking DC series capacitors in the lines and series resistors in the transformer neutral ground connection of wye windings and autotransformers, are introduced in Section 1, and explored in more detail in Section 2. Section 3 examines the existing systems that have introduced series capacitors in a substantial fraction of the system, specifically the Hydro Quebec system from the mid 1990s and the WECC region in the western U.S. It is seen that series capacitors on some lines reduces the GIC currents and production of reactive power, but not by a great amount. Section 4 briefly performs a generic evaluation of the effect of neutral blocking resistors as a function of line length. Section 5 extends this to an examination of the effects of neutral blocking resistors on the high voltage portion of the whole U.S. power grid, using a constant geo-electric field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.870 | 0.745 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".