ISSN: The Sophistication of Basque Exports
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following the methodology developed by recent studies, we combine international trade data and exporter countries ' GDP per capita to calculate the degree of sophistication of Basque exports and to analyse its evolution in the 1996-2005 period. Our results show that Basque exports are situated at the top quarter of the world's ranking, with a level of sophistication which is similar to Spain. Nevertheless, Basque exports ' sophistication is still 20%-40 % lower than the sophistication of the countries that occupy the first positions in the ranking. We also show that during the 1996-2005 period, Basque Country's exports sophistication command the highest rate of growth among Spanish regions. This rate of growth has also been higher than in most European Union-15 countries, leading to the reduction of the exports ' sophistication gap between the Basque Country and those countries. La sofisticación de las exportaciones vascas Siguiendo la metodología desarrollada en estudios recientes, combinamos datos de comercio internacional y de PIB per cápita para calcular el grado de sofisticación de las exportaciones vascas y analizar su evolución en el periodo 1996-2005. Los resultados muestran que las exportaciones vascas se sitúan en el cuartil superior del ranking mundial, con un nivel de sofisticación similar al de España. Sin embargo la sofisticación de las exportaciones vascas es todavía entre un 20 y un 40 por ciento inferior que la de los países que ocupan las primeras posiciones en el ranking. Por otra parte, el estudio muestra que entre las regiones españolas, son las exportaciones vascas las que logran un mayor crecimiento de la sofisticación en el periodo 1996-2005. Además, este crecimiento ha sido superior al de la mayoría de los países de la UE-15, lo que ha permitido reducir la distancia en sofisticación entre el País Vasco y estos países.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".