Phocine Distemper Virus in Northern
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) has caused 2 epidemics in harbor seals in the Atlantic Ocean but had never been identified in any Pacific Ocean species. We found that northern sea otters in Alaska are infected with PDV, which has created a disease threat to several sympatric and decreasing Pacific marine mammals. In northern Europe, phocine distemper virus (PDV) caused 2 epidemics that resulted in 23,000 harbor seal deaths in 1988 and>30,000 deaths in 2002 (1). PDV has also been associated with seal deaths on the eastern coast of the United States and Canada, which shows the persistent threat of this virus to Atlantic marine mammal populations (2). Serologic surveys before 2000 indicated that Pacific marine mammals had not been exposed to PDV (3,4), and this virus had never been identified as the cause of illness or death in the North Pacific Ocean. In this region, specifically in Alaska, northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) are one of many species that have had population decreases since the 1980s. Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), and most recently, harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) populations have all decreased (4–6). The Study In 2004 and 2005, strong serologic evidence of exposure to a PDV-like morbillivirus was obtained by serum neutralization for ≈40 % (30/77) of live captured sea otters sampled in the eastern Aleutian Islands (Fox Island, South
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".