Ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei among men who have sex with men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2010, we observed isolates with matching pulsedfi eld gel electrophoresis patterns from 13 cases of ciprofl oxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei in Montréal. We report on the emergence of this resistance type and a study of resistance mechanisms. The investigation suggested local transmission among men who have sex with men associated with sex venues. Shigella spp. are enteropathogen bacteria that are transmitted person-to-person and require a low infectious inoculum (1). Fluoroquinolones are among the first-choice antimicrobial drugs for treatment of Shigella spp. infections in adults (1), but resistance to these agents has been documented, primarily in Asia (2). Among men who have sex with men (MSM), Shigella spp. infection is, in most cases, sexually transmitted, and clusters are regularly reported (3–5). We investigated an outbreak of ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei among MSM and studied its resistance mechanisms. The Study Laboratories report shigellosis to the Montreal public health department (Quebéc, Canada). When a cluster is suspected, isolates are sent to the provincial laboratory to conduct pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to identify links between patients. Author affi liations: Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal–
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".