Bibliographic record
Abstract
Roads are known to negatively affect many vertebrate species and populations. This research quantified a number of effects of roads on Nova Scotia amphibians. The greatest mean Cl- concentrations in roadside ponds occurred in spring, least in early summer, and a rising trend in late summer, probably due to late summer evaporation. Cl- in some ponds exceeded recommendations for the protection of aquatic life. Amphibian species richness had a negative relationship with Cl- concentration in ponds. Wood frogs, spotted salamanders, and pickerel frogs occupied low Cl- ponds while green frogs, spring peepers, American toads, blue-spotted salamanders, and leopard frogs occupied low and high chloride ponds equally. Chronic exposures of amphibian eggs to road salt indicate no negative effects on hatching success or development with green frogs and spotted salamanders, but significant effects on hatching and development with wood frogs and American toads. Chronic exposures of spotted salamander larvae to road salt showed lengthened larval period, decreased weight at metamorphosis, and mortality in high salt treatments. Chronic exposures of wood frogs and toad tadpoles to road salt showed no
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.462 | 0.238 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".