Formation of Buyer-Seller Trade Networks in a Quality-Di¤erentiated Product Market,”Canadian
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine the formation of buyer-seller links in an environment where exchange can only take place if such a link exists. Sellers can produce products of different qualities and multiple sellers of uniform or mixed quality can form an association to pool their customers setting uniform prices (called a sellers ’ association). Buyers may form a trade link with either an individual seller or with a sellers’ association. We show which buyer-seller links will form and find the set of links (or networks) which are stable. We find that a trade network mismatch may occur in the absence of market or informational frictions, where a high quality good may remain unsold even without an economy-wide excess supply of goods. Additionally, we show how these buyer-seller networks influence the price paid for the good or service exchanged. Specifically, we establish conditions on the network for which the seller (or sellers’ association) is guaranteed a non-negligible positive payoff and conditions on the network for which the buyer is guaranteed a non-negligible positive surplus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".