Formation of Buyer-Seller Trade Networks in a Quality-Di¤erentiated Product Market,”Canadian
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine the formation of buyer-seller links in an environment where exchange can only take place if such a link exists. Sellers can produce products of different qualities and multiple sellers of uniform or mixed quality can form an association to pool their customers setting uniform prices (called a sellers ’ association). Buyers may form a trade link with either an individual seller or with a sellers’ association. We show which buyer-seller links will form and find the set of links (or networks) which are stable. We find that a trade network mismatch may occur in the absence of market or informational frictions, where a high quality good may remain unsold even without an economy-wide excess supply of goods. Additionally, we show how these buyer-seller networks influence the price paid for the good or service exchanged. Specifically, we establish conditions on the network for which the seller (or sellers’ association) is guaranteed a non-negligible positive payoff and conditions on the network for which the buyer is guaranteed a non-negligible positive surplus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".