The Household Revolution: Childcare, Housework, and Female Labor Force Participation,” Cahiers de recherche 2013-07, Universite de Montreal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the twentieth century, the amount of time that married women devoted to working in the market increased dramatically. This paper explores the implications for the alloca-tion of womens ’ time stemming from: (1) the durable goods revolution associated with the introduction of new technologies, from running water to modern appliances, that signifi-cantly reduced the time demands of home production; (2) the increase in the relative wage of women, from roughly 50 % to over 80%; and (3) changes in childcare requirements associ-ated with changes in fertility patterns. To do so, we construct a life-cycle model with home production and childcare constraints. The parameters of the childcare production function are chosen to match micro evidence from U.S. time use data. We find that the increase in the relative wage of women is the most important explanation of the increase in married womens ’ market work time over the twentieth century. Increases in relative wages and de-creases in fertility can also explain a large part of the observed decrease in housework. The model finds that the the declining price of durable goods has an appreciable effect only since 1980. ∗Bryan Breguet provided excellent research assistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".