No 2009/03 Newcastle Discussion Papers in Economics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1 Coller, Harrison and McInnes [2002] calculate that the Medicaid litigation in the United States only generated settlement payments that covered 30 % of past and projected costs, even though it exceeded USD$250 billion. Moreover, many of those settlement funds have been diverted to cover government projects other than the additional health care costs from smoking. In Canada the costs in 1995 have been estimated by Harrison, Feehan, Edwards and Segovia [2003] to be as much as C$140 per capita; the litigation in Canada remains in process.-1-The social cost of smoking behavior is very high, and demands a better understanding of the determinants of smoking behavior.1 The decision to smoke cigarettes involves a trade off between gratification in the short term and the expectation of negative health effects in the long term. Smokers would thus appear to put more weight on the short term benefits of smoking, whereas non-smokers might be presumed to be more patient and place higher weight on long term health
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.542 | 0.263 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".