Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) Description
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spotted knapweed is a biennial herb in the aster family. It grows in tufted clumps, one plant giving rise to 1 to 20 slender, upright stems 1 to 3 feet in height with most branching occurring in the upper half. Seedlings form a rosette of pinnately to bipinnately dissected leaves 4 to 8 inches long. Stem leaves are pinnate low on the stem, and become small, linear-shaped farther up the stem. White to pink or purple flowers are at the end of the stems in thistle-like heads. This species closely resembles another less widespread invasive, short-fringed knapweed (Centaurea nigrescens). Spotted knapweed has been renamed by plant taxonomists and is now known as Centaurea bierbersteinii DC. Habitat Spotted knapweed grows in dry sterile, gravelly, or sandy openings such as pastures, old fields, and roadsides. Distribution Introduced accidentally into the United States from Europe late last century, possibly mixed in with alfalfa seed or in the ballast of ships, spotted knapweed has spread throughout the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states, and westward to Kansas and Nebraska. It has also become established in the Northwest, where it infests overgrazed pasture, and has spread throughout Canada, where it is found from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. It is found statewide
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".