Canada’s Indian Residential Schools Legacy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
were removed, often forcibly, from their homes and placed in Indian Residential Schools, where they were compelled to abandon their Native languages, culture, and religion on account of both physical and psychological abuse.1 At present, the government of Canada is making attempts to remedy this dark chapter of its history by providing survivors with various forms of reparations so as to promote reconciliation throughout Canadian society at large. As Antonio Buti reminds us, “the right to reparations for wrongful acts has long been recognized as a fundamental principle of law essential to the functioning of legal systems.”2 As will become evident in this paper, reparations made according to a state-run, top down approaches is untenable. Reparations for harms suffered by First Nations children, their families, and communities under Canada’s Indian Residential Schools system illustrates a case of transitional justice mechanisms as work in a de facto non-transitional context.3
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.030 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".