Follow Quebec’s Lead: Removing Disincentives To Work After 60 by Reforming the CPP/QPP
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this issue... Because of population aging and the soon-to-begin wave of retirements, Canadian policymakers should implement systems that encourage those who want to work beyond the normal retirement age to do so. Proposed changes to the Quebec Pension Plan point the way to achieving that objective. The Study in Brief The greying of Canada’s population poses a major economic challenge for the nation. The ratio of workers to retirees is expected to fall dramatically over the next 30 years. Exacerbating the demographic shift and the coming wave of baby boom retirement is a long-term shift to earlier retirement. In 1976, approximately 66 percent of Canadian men aged 60-to-64 participated in the labour force; in 2003, the ratio fell to 46.7 percent in Quebec and 54.7 percent in the rest of Canada. The ability of Canadians to raise their standard of living in the coming decades depends on how effective we are at tapping into a deepening pool of seniors ' capital. Success will depend on whether policies encourage older citizens to participate in productive activities. Recent economic research in many
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.016 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".