FAST TOPOLOGY DETECTION BASED ON OPEN LINE DETECTION RELAYS, A STRATEGIC FUNCTION IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present deregulated and market driven energy industry, modern power systems need to be operated closer to their design limits. Moreover, their topology is becoming more complex due to additional interconnection links. Efficient defense plans are therefore more important than ever to provide fast, secure and reliable means of protecting these systems against their own contingencies or those experienced by their neighbours. System topology monitoring is a strategic function to consider in the design of defense plans. Hydro-Québec transmission system is making extensive use of open line detectors to monitor system topology for the purpose of its most strategic SPS (Special Protection Schemes). A new version of these detectors, called DLO, have been recently developed. The main characteristics and performances of these new DLO as well as their application on Hydro-Québec transmission system are presented in this paper. Key words Open line detection, topology change detection, fuzzy-logic based protection, defense plans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".