Rural-Urban Contrasts in Activities and Travel Behavior: Preliminary Results from the Halifax STAR Project.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key concepts and empirical findings on time use produced over the last 40 years are overwhelmingly oriented to urban milieux, and there has been insufficient attention to rural areas. This paper considers variations in time allocation and travel behavior along the entire urban-rural continuum, using the four components of inner city, suburbs, commuter belt, and remote rural areas. Particularly beyond the commuter belt, rural areas suffer from low densities of population and services, lack of public transportation, and long distances for most types of journey. However, road traffic is light, rush-hour barely exists, and many farmers or fishers live at or close to their job. An extensive survey of personal space-time activity is currently underway for the regional municipality of Halifax, Nova Scotia. This large region encompasses suburban, exurban, and remote rural districts, and the study’s geo-referenced time-use data allow for detailed analysis of rural-urban contrasts. Preliminary aggregated results are presented and tested for significance. Many inter-zonal differences are revealed, some of which were unexpected. Introduction: the Rural-Urban Continuum
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".