A Physiological Basis for Controlling Leafy Spurge on
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Applying herbicides at the appropriate physiological stage is an important consideration to effectively control leafy spurge. By Rob Mitchell, Corey Moffet, and Ron Sosebee Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a nonnative perennial forb that has invaded rangeland and pasture in the central and northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Leafy spurge has been reported in 35 states and all but one Canadian province1 and is a noxious weed in Nebraska and about 20 other states.2 Its invasive nature is promoted by repro-duction from seeds and adventitious buds on the crown and roots. It quickly increases in pastures, alters rangeland species composition, and reduces forage production by as much as 75%.3,4 Leafy spurge has been diffi cult to reliably control with herbicides, with most herbicide treatments providing only short-term control.1 Current management strategies include herbicides as part of an integrated pest management pro-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".