CHINESE AND WESTERN INTERACTION SURROUNDING THE PREPARATIONS FOR THE PEKING MAN DIGS OF THE 1920s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the 1920s a series of paleontological digs took place in China. These digs led to the discovery of remains of an early hominid that became commonly known as "Peking Man. " Although these discoveries are often represented as being accomplished almost exclusively by either Chinese or almost exclusively by foreigners, such as Johan Gunnar Andersson, a Swede, or by Davidson Black, a Canadian, in fact the historical evidence shows the digs to be a cooperative effort between the China Geological Survey and several outside, foreign individuals and organizations. This international cooperation during a key period in the development of Chinese science is a subject deserving of attention. This paper offers a look at how this cooperation came about. Also discussed is the importance of this international cooperation and way in which events were affected by competition among nations and institution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".