of the United States ’ Most Important Trade Partner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada has become the most important trading partner of the United States in terms of total trade and agricultural trade. In 2005, exports to Canada amounted to 23 percent of total U.S. exports and 17 percent of U.S. agricultural exports, while imports from Canada amounted to 17 percent of total U.S. imports and 21 percent of U.S. agricultural imports. Canada is a large exporter to the United States of critical raw materials, including natural gas, petroleum, and wood products, and a substantial importer of finished industrial and consumer goods. Canadian agricultural exports to the United States are primarily in consumer processed goods such as beef, fish, seafood, breads, and confectionery items, while Canadian imports from the United States include baked goods, fruit and vegetable juices, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Canadian agricultural trade continues to grow in importance reflecting trade liberalization and greater integra-tion of agricultural markets. The trade outlook is enhanced by Canada’s prospects for long-term economic growth of about 3 percent per year, which is underpinned by expected moderate growth in working-age population and labor productivity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.095 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".