Turban and the French Law A question of Freedom of Conscience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
THE TURBAN OF THE SIKHS, A HOARY article of their faith, is once again caught in the controversy of definition of secularism as understood within the framework of French republicanism and political liberalism of the other countries of the world. The legal debate on this issue coursing through U.K., Canada, America, has finally reached the Courts of France, and European Human Rights Commission. It may also reach International Court of Justice. The Sikhs have proved everywhere else that they have fundamental and inalienable right to wear their turban in all situations of life. Without proper consideration, the Parliament of France has passed the Law prohibiting all signs of outward manifestation of any religious faith. The reason given for passing such a Law is that any human being owing allegiance to particular groups, with collective or religious interest, cannot be a good citizen, since a good citizen does not belong to anyone. The definition of secularism, or state neutrality, as has been developed in France is totally opposed to the definition of secularism as understood in the Common Law countries. The purpose of such a law is to
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.035 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".