THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GPS ERROR SOURCES AND THEIR IMPACT ON RELATIVE POSITIONING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Some GPS applications require precise single point positions that are stable over time. However, changes in GPS error sources can lead to a degradation in the relative (over time) stability of the estimated positions. For this reason, it is not the absolute errors, but rather their temporal variations, that are of importance. In this research, the temporal characteristics of the orbital, satellite clock, and ionospheric errors are analyzed independently. Satellite clock and orbit errors are analyzed by comparing broadcast and precise satellite clock corrections and orbits. Dual frequency carrier phase data is used to assess the change in the ionospheric error. The remaining errors, which include the tropospheric error, multipath, and noise are investigated together. To compute the remaining errors, the receiver clock error must be removed, which is possible if the position is known. The analysis comprises primarily of assessing error behaviors and magnitudes through time and frequency analyses. In this way, the differences in variability of the errors are easily determined. The effect of each error in the position domain is investigated in addition to the combined
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".