ABSTRACT Modeling Emissions of High Global Warming Potential Gases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The United States and other countries model the emissions of hyrdofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) used as substitutes for chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. This modeling is performed in part to fulfill commitments made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). HFCs and PFCs are two classes of greenhouse gases (GHGs) identified in a variety of GHG emissions accounting (inventory) schemes as well as within international treaties designed to limit emissions of GHGs. Although only a small percentage of the total emissions of greenhouse gases, HFCs and PFCs are of concern due to their long atmospheric lifetimes, high global warming potentials, and importance to a wide variety of industries. Furthermore, as the production of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) is phased out, internationally under the Montreal Protocol and in the U.S. under Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, emissions of HFCs and PFCs are expected to grow significantly. Emissions of HFCs and PFCs as substitutes to ODSs come from numerous sources, including the following industrial sectors: refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, solvent cleaning, the manufacturing and use of foam products, aerosol propellants, fire extinguishing, and sterilization. For each sector, a separate methodology is applied to model emissions from a variety of end-use sources. The authors will present the methodology used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in determining historical and projected annual emissions of HFCs and PFCs. The authors will also review the methodologies employed in different industrial sectors and what data is required to accurately estimate emissions. Techniques for correlating results from “bottom-up ” modeling with “top-down” information will be discussed. Finally, the authors will offer suggestions on how the methodology can be applied to determine emissions regionally within the U.S. and for other countries.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".