Structural Changes and Political Challenges: The New Democratic Party in the 1990s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the 1990s social democracy in English-speaking Canada entered a crisis of such magnitude that the very existence of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP) came into question. From the 1950s to the 1980s, each decade had seen an increase in the average percentage of the vote received by the federal NDP. Across the country, the NDP reached the pinnacle of its electoral strength with the 1988 federal election and the subsequent provincial elections in Ontario (1990), Saskatchewan (1991) and British Columbia (1991). These heady times were short-lived and the onset of social democratic decline was dramatic. Governing in difficult times, the NDP provincial governments frequently came into political conflict with their own supporters as they struggled to develop a modernized version of social democracy. The conflict and the adverse electoral consequences were most dramatic in Ontario and the ramifications impacted the federal NDP. In the three federal elections from 1993 to 2000, the NDP received an average of less than 9 % of the popular vote and even less than that in Ontario, the industrial heartland of the country. From 1962 to 1988, the federal NDP had averaged 17.2 % of the total vote and 20 % of
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".