Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Canada, 1998–2007: Update from the Calgary-Area Streptococcus pneumoniae Research (CASPER) Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(See the editorial commentary by Greenberg on pages 213–5) Background. Routine infant vaccination with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) began in the Calgary Health Region (Alberta, Canada) in 2002. We measured the impact of this vaccine program on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Methods. Prospective, population-based surveillance of all cases of IPD (with culture specimens obtained from sterile sites) was conducted from January 1998 through December 2007. Demographic and clinical data were collected. All viable isolates were saved and serotyped. Results. There were 1182 IPD cases over the 10-year period. Comparison of the vaccine period (2003–2007) with the prevaccine period (1998–2001) revealed that the incidence of IPD due to PCV7 serotypes decreased significantly by 86%, 59%, 38%, and 78 % in the 6–23-month, 2–4-year, 16–64-year, and 65–84-year age groups, respectively. The total number of IPD cases decreased by 77%, 45%, and 34 % in the 6–23-month, 2–4-year, and 65–84-year age groups, respectively. The incidence of IPD due to non-PCV7 serotypes increased by 183%, and the total incidence of IPD increased by 73 % among adults aged 16–64 years; however, this increase was primarily attributed to a large outbreak of serotype 5 IPD among homeless adults during the period 2005–2007. There were 5 cases of IPD due to PCV7 serotypes among vaccinated children in the vaccine period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".