Private Health Insurance and Access to Health Care
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mossialos Private or voluntary health insurance (VHI) does not play a significant role in many health systems in the European Union (EU), either in terms of funding or as a means of gaining access to health care. In most EU member states it accounts for less than 5 % of total expenditure on health and covers a relatively small proportion of the population (see Table 1). The exceptions to this trend are France, Germany and the Netherlands. VHI fulfils diff e rent roles in diff e rent contexts. In the EU context it can be classified a c c o rding to whether its role, in relation to s t a t u t o ry health insurance (SHI), is substitutive, complementary or supplementary. Substitutive VHI provides cover that would o t h e rwise be available from the state. It is p u rchased by those who are excluded fro m p a rticipating in some or all aspects of the SHI scheme – for example, Dutch residents with an annual income over 30,700 a year and their dependants (around a quarter of the population) – or by those can choose to opt out of that SHI scheme, such as German employees with annual earnings over 45,900 and their
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it