Bibliographic record
Abstract
refugees are rural, poor, and illiterate, reflecting the reality of their country. However, most Ethiopians who have reached the U.S. and Canada are well-educated by Ethiopian standards having, at a minimum, an 8th grade education. They come from a small segment of Ethiopian society, the urban or semi-urban elite. Typically they left for political reasons, fearing arrest, imprisonment, torture and death. Some were caught up in the civil war either as combatants or suspected combatants (McSpadden 1989) The number of Ethiopian refugees in the U.S. and Canada is quite small. In the U.S., for example, in 1979 only 169 were admitted as refugees. The ceiling for African refugees in the FY 1987 was 3,500 and later was reduced to 2,000, most of whom were Ethiopians (World Refugee Survey 1988:4). By the end of 1989 approximately 17,500 Ethiopians had been admitted to the U.S. a s refugees. The number admitted to Canada is substantially smaller. The vast majority of these refugees are single young men, here without families and often without previous friends from Ethiopia. This paper is based on a larger analytical study of the psychological well-being of Ethiopian refugees. It began because of reported high levels of depression and suicide among Ethiopian refugees, especially young, single men. Over 100 refugees were interviewed in
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".