Landscape-scale effects of urban nitrogen on a chain of freshwater lakes in central North
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measured nitrogen (N) transport to and storage in nine lakes linked by the Qu’Appelle River, Saskatchewan, Canada, to quantify the unique effects of N on the eutrophication of phosphorus (P)-replete lakes. Stable isotope content (d15N) was measured for dissolved N, periphyton, particulate organic matter (POM), and sediment samples collected at 10 stations along Wascana Creek and the Qu’Appelle River, lotic ecosystems that receive wastewaters from the City of Regina and that drain into Pasqua Lake. Urban effluent (d15N,16 6 2%) enriched dissolved N isotope ratios of river water by up to 15 % but was not stored in lotic sediments. Instead, urban N increased d15N signatures of lotic periphyton and POM by 10–15 % and was transported to Pasqua Lake, where sedimentary d15N values increased from,6.5 % during the 19th century to 14.0 % by the 1990s. This increase was linearly correlated both to the mass of dissolved N released from Regina (r2 5 0.84, p, 0.0001) and to a 300 % increase in the production of Pasqua Lake (as fossil pigments) since ca. 1880 (r2 5 0.69, p, 0.0001). Similar isotopic enrichment was recorded in five downstream lakes, but not three reference ecosystems, although the degree of downstream enrichment declined rapidly, mainly as a result of sequestration of urban N in lake sediments. Together, these patterns demonstrate that urban N can directly degrade surface waters of P-sufficient lakes, but that these ecosystems can eliminate urban effects through permanent storage of wastewater N in their
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".