WORK-LIFE FLEXIBILITY BENEFITS AND INVOLUNTARY TURNOVER AMONG IMMIGRANT WORKERS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study of 8221 Canadian workers finds that access to work-life flexibility benefits reduces involuntary turnover for immigrant women and men. The beneficial effect of using work-life flexibility benefits is attenuated, however, for immigrant women who have relatively low levels of acculturation to Canadian society. Immigrants represent 20 % of the Canadian workforce and 70 % of national labour force growth (Zietsma, 2006). Despite immigrants ’ strong representation in the workforce, there is extensive documentation of struggles with unemployment and underemployment. Very recent arrivals to Canada, meaning people who have arrived within the last 5 years, have unemployment rates nearly double those of the general population. Recent immigrants who have been in Canada for between 5 and 10 years show higher unemployment than domestic Canadians but lower unemployment than very recent immigrants. Some ethnic groups, such as very recent African born immigrants, experience unemployment rates as high as 20.8 % (Gilmore, 2007). Immigrant women are more likely to be unemployed then either immigrant men or Canadian born women. Underemployment and immigrant skill discounting are well documented phenomena (Krahn et al,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".