TÁRKI Social Report Reprint Series No 14.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper looks at the impact of overeducation and undereducation on earnings in Hungary over the period of 1994 to 2002 with using a large cross-section data set representative of Hungarian employees. Schooling is measured in terms of years of education, required education is proxied by modal years of education of the occupations. The standard results are arrived at, that is, 1. an extra year of required and overeducation yields positive, an extra year of undereducation results in negative wage premia, 2. the economic return to required education is higher than that to overeducation, 3. the penalty for undereducation is smaller than the returns to required education. We can witness increasing demand for educated workers and increases in higher-education supply over the period. At the beginning of the period supply seems rather inelastic, resulting in increasing wage premia for the overeducated, then it becomes more elastic, leading to higher economic returns to required education. The proportion of overeducated workers increases from 11 per cent (1994) to 24 per cent (2002) over the period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.153 | 0.089 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".