1 A Technology Index of Hospital Expenditure Growth in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
and comments on earlier versions of this paper. This study is based in part on data provided by Alberta Health. Interpretations and conclusions contained herein are mine alone do not necessarily represent the views of the Government of Alberta. 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background: Technological innovation is an important determinant of health care expenditures and an important consideration in health reform. In Canada, for example, population-based funding, case-mix funding and global budgets have replaced line item budgeting in the reimbursement of hospital services. Changes in utilization and prices of hospital technologies can therefore be used to explain whether health reform was successful. An obstacle to establishing the relationship between health reform, technology and expenditures however exists when prices are not observed – as is the case when patients do not pay directly for hospital services. Purpose: In this paper, Laspeyres indices of inpatient hospital utilization, prices and expenditures attributable to technological innovation are constructed using routinely collected
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".