The Generation and Management of Hazardous Wastes and Transboundary Hazardous Waste Shipments between Mexico, Canada and the United States, 1990–2000 Contributors:
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper examines the impacts of NAFTA and trade liberalization on the generation, management and shipments of industrial hazardous wastes in Mexico, Canada and the US. The paper looks at whether economic activity in the manufacturing and hazardous waste management industry have become more concentrated in the US–Canada and US– Mexico border regions, and what the impacts of that concentration have been. In addition, the paper considers whether hazardous waste is being shipped from one country to another or whether companies are investing in hazardous waste facilities in any country to take advantage of less stringent hazardous waste regulations and enforcement. The paper finds that the available data indicates an ongoing concentration of economic activity, including hazardous waste generation and management in the US–Mexico Border region. In the Canada–US border region, waste generation in Ontario and Quebec has been increasing significantly, particularly in the steel and chemical industries, which are concentrated in the border region, although waste generation in states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin has declined. In addition, despite the decline in
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".