0730-7268/05 $12.00 �.00 Environmental Toxicology EFFECTS OF WATER HARDNESS ON TOXICOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC WATERBORNE SILVER EXPOSURE IN EARLY LIFE STAGES OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract—Rainbow trout embryos and larvae were exposed to 0, 0.1, and 1 �g/L total silver (as AgNO 3) in water of three different hardnesses (soft water [2 mg/L as CaCO 3], moderately hard water [150 mg/L], and hard water [400 mg/L]) in a flowthrough system from fertilization to swim-up (64 d). The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of water hardness on chronic silver toxicity. In the absence of silver, elevating hardness had a positive effect on early life stage survival and development, significantly decreasing mortality and accelerating time to 50 % swim-up. Following hatch, exposure to 1 �g/L Ag significantly increased mortality relative to exposure to 0 �g/L Ag. No significant effects of silver on time to 50 % hatch were observed; however, time to 50 % swim-up was delayed, and 50 % swim-up was not achieved over the course of the experiment during some exposures to 1 �g/L Ag. These results suggest that the current Canadian Water Quality Guideline
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.495 | 0.187 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".